Slavery in the Caribbean Francophone World by unknow

Author:unknow
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: Lightning Source Inc. (Tier 3)
Published: 2016-07-15T00:00:00+00:00

NOTES

1. Throughout this work I use the inclusive somatic terms free black, free person of color, and libre to encompass anyone of African descent, that is, any free nonwhite person whether he or she be pure African, part white, or part Native American. The exclusive terms pardo (light-skinned) and moreno (dark-skinned)—preferred by contemporary free blacks over mulatto and negro–are utilized to distinguish elements within the nonwhite population.

2. Louisiana’s colonial period lasted from 1699, when the French established a permanent settlement in the area, to 1803, when the United States purchased it. France ceded Louisiana to Spain in the Treaty of Paris of 1763, and Spanish administrators governed the colony until 1803. During French and Spanish rule, Louisiana’s value to Europeans was mainly strategic. Both countries viewed Louisiana as useful within the context of larger geopolitical considerations: they wanted to keep the colony out of the hands of archrival England. Although European rulers put more resources into the colony than they got out, France hoped that by occupying Louisiana it could gain access to silver mines in northern New Spain. Spain, in turn, sought Louisiana as a protective barrier between those same mines and Britain’s increasingly expansive North American colonies to the east. For more on Louisiana’s early history and its geopolitical role, refer to Bennet H. Wall, ed., Louisiana: A History (Arlington Heights, Ill.: Forum Press, 1990), and David J. Weber, The Spanish Frontier in North America (New Haven: Yale UP, 1992).

3. On this topic, see David Barry Gaspar and David Patrick Geggus, eds., A Turbulent Time: The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean (Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1997).

4. Lewis Hanke, The Spanish Struggle for Justice in the Conquest of America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1949); Lyle N. McAlister, “Social Structure and Social Change in New Spain,” Hispanic American Historical Review 43, 2 (April 1963): 349–70; and Lyle N. McAlister, Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700 (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1984), 24–40, 398–401.

5. Kimberly S. Hanger, Bounded Lives, Bounded Places: Free Black Society in Colonial New Orleans, 1769–1803 (Durham, N.C.: Duke UP, 1997), 22.

6. Herbert S. Klein, African Slavery in Latin America and the Caribbean (New York: Oxford UP, 1986), 217–41.

7. Quote from Thomas Marc Fiehrer, “The African Presence in Colonial Louisiana: An Essay on the Continuity of Caribbean Culture,” in Louisiana’s Black Heritage, ed. Robert R. Macdonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward F. Haas (New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum, 1979), 18; Carl A. Brasseaux, Denis-Nicolas Foucault and the New Orleans Rebellion of 1768 (Ruston, La.: McGinty, 1987); Laura Foner, “The Free People of Color in Louisiana and St. Domingue: A Comparative Portrait of Two Three-Caste Slave Societies,” Journal of Social History 3, 4 (1970): 415–16, 418–19. A “tenuous allegiance of the dominantly French planters to the Spanish regime” posed perennial challenges to Spanish administrators in Louisiana. An analysis of the correspondence of Governor Carondelet, who served during the era of the French Revolution, particularly highlights this dilemma (see Fiehrer, “African Presence,” 16, 25).

8. Gilbert C. Din, “Proposals and Plans for Colonization in Spanish Louisiana,” Louisiana History 11, 3 (1970): 197–213.

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